ENDNOTES
MAIN FINDINGS 1 John Pontifex, “Christians in Pakistan suffer plight," Catholic Herald , 21 st May 2023 https://catholicherald.co.uk/christians-in-pakistan-suffer-plight/ [accessed 17/07/24]. 2 “Harassment of religious groups returned to peak level in 2021," Pew Research Center , 5 th March 2023 https://www.pewresearch.org/religious- landscape-study/2024/03/05/harassment-of-religious-groups-returned- to-peak-level-in-2021/ [accessed: 17/07/24]. Data for 2021 shows Christians harassed in 160 countries, with Muslims harassed in 141 countries. 3 Filipe d’Avillez and John Newton, “‘One out of every seven Christians is experiencing persecution’, says Pope,” ACN (UK) News, 10 th January 2023 https://acnuk.org/news/vatican-one-out-of-every-seven-christians-is- experiencing-persecution-says-pope/ [accessed 17/07/24] . 4 Open Doors, World Watch List 2024 https://www.opendoors.org/en-US/ persecution/countries/ [accessed 17/07/24]. 5 Chinedu Asadu, “Jihadis from Africa’s Sahel have crossed Nigeria’s north, a new report says. A lot is at stake," AP, 19 th June 2024 https:// apnews.com/article/nigeria-sahel-africa-jihadi-extremism-benin- cd845a1a320e6083688408afc923381f [accessed 17/07/24]. 6 USCIRF 2024 Annual Report, p 31 https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/ files/2024-05/USCIRF%202024%20Annual%20Report.pdf [accessed 17/07/24]. 7 “Izmir: teachers and citizens on the streets against imams in schools," Asia News, 28 th June 2023 https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Izmir:- teachers-and-citizens-on-the-streets-against-imams-in-schools-58684.html [accessed 17/07/24]. 8 “World’s worst displacement crisis: Record numbers of children seek life- saving care in Sudan," UNICEF, 9 th February 2024 https://www.unicef.ch/ en/current/news/2024-02-09/world-s-worst-displacement-crisis-record- numbers-children-seek-life-saving [accessed 17/07/24]. 9 ACN, “Nigeria," Religious Freedom in the World Report 2023 https:// acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/reports/country/2023/nigeria [accessed 18/06/24]. 10 Ibid . 11 Tom Gould, “Islamic State Mozambique’s war on the church," Zitamar News, 22 nd March 2024 https://www.zitamar.com/islamic-state-mozambiques-war- on-the-church/ [accessed 18/06/2024]. 12 Ibid . 13 ACN Church sources in Sudan. 14 ACN, “Nigeria," Religious Freedom in the World Report 2023 , op. cit. 15 “Nigeria," USCIRF 2024 Annual Report, pp. 36-7 https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/ default/files/2024-05/USCIRF%202024%20Annual%20Report.pdf ; “Nigerian Catholics shocked by public admission of religious discrimination in Kaduna," ACN (Intl), 15 th June 2023 https://acninternational.org/admission-of-religious- discrimination-in-kaduna-nigeria [all sites accessed 17/07/24]. 16 Amy Balog, “No justice for 300 people massacred on Christmas Eve,” ACN (UK) News , 18 th January 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/nigeria-no-justice- for-300-people-massacred-on-christmas-eve ; Daniel Beurthe, “Easter massacre – Extremists kill 10, including pregnant woman and unborn baby," ACN (UK) News, 10 th April 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/nigeria-easter- massacre-extremists-kill-10-including-pregnant-woman-and-unborn-baby [all sites accessed 18/06/24]. 17 ACN, “Eritrea," Religious Freedom in the World Report 2023 https:// acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/reports/country/2023/eritrea [accessed 17/07/24]. 18 ACN sources. 19 Patrizia Caiffa, “Card. Zenari (Nuncio): ‘Syria has fallen out of the headlines. Forgotten by news media and by the international community’," Sir , 10 th April 2024 https://www.agensir.it/mondo/2024/04/10/card-zenari-nuncio- syria-has-fallen-out-of-the-headlines-forgotten-by-news-media-and-by-the- international-community/ [accessed 23/04/24]. 20 “Iraqi Christian leaders join UN conference on investigations into ISIS’ targeted genocide of Christians," The Christian Post, 5 th September 2023 https://www.christianpost.com/news/un-team-speaks-on-isis-targeted- genocide-of-iraqs-christians.html [accessed 17/07/24]. 21 See “Iran” entry on p. 24 of this report. 22 “The Ultimate Election Year: All the Elections Around the World in 2024," Time , 28 th December 2023 https://time.com/6550920/world-elections-2024/ [accessed 17/07/24]. 23 “2024 Global Forecast A World Dividing," Center for Strategic & International Studies , January/February 2024 https://features.csis.org/global- forecast-2024/index.html [accessed: 17/07/24]. 24 Ibid . 25 Robert P George, “Christians face abuse around the globe," CNN , 3 rd July 2014 https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/03/opinion/george-christian-persecution/ index.html [accessed 17/07/24].
COUNTRY PROFILES 26 “10 Conflicts to Watch in 2023," International Crisis Group , 1 st January 2023 https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-conflicts-watch-2023 [accessed 28/05/24]. 27 “Burkina Faso Fact Sheet," UN Refugee Agency , 29 th February 2024 https:// reporting.unhcr.org/burkina-faso-factsheet-7974 [accessed 28/05/24]. 28 “Sahel situation," UN Refugee Agency , April 2024 https://reporting.unhcr.org/ operational/situations/sahel-situation [accessed 28/05/24]. 29 “UNICEF reports surge in violence against children in Africa’s central Sahel," United Nations , 29 th May 2024 https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1150396 [accessed 17/07/24]. 30 “Addressing gender-based violence in the Central Sahel," Relief Web , 5 th December 2023 https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/addressing-gender- based-violence-central-sahel [accessed 28/05/24]. 31 “10 Conflicts to Watch in 2023," op. cit. ; Amy Balog, “Emergency aid for Christians forced out of their homes by jihadists," ACN (UK) News , 9 th February 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina-faso-emergency-aid-for-christians-
forced-out-of-their-homes-by-jihadists [accessed 08/07/24]. 32 “Burkina Faso Fact Sheet," UN Refugee Agency, op. cit.
33 Stephanie Savell, “US Security Assistance to Burkina Faso Laid the Groundwork for a Coup," Foreign Policy , 3 rd February 2022 https:// foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/03/burkina-faso-coup-us-security-assistance- terrorism-military [accessed 08/07/24]. 34 “Burkina Faso: Horror-stricken after massacre," ACN (Intl) , 15 th June 2021 https://acninternational.org/burkina-faso-horror-stricken-after-massacre [accessed 28/05/24]. 35 Amy Balog, “‘Faith has grown’ despite killings," ACN (UK) News , 1 st March 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina-faso-faith-has-grown-despite-killings [accessed 28/05/24]. 36 John Newton, “Jihadist terror escalating as two children murdered and Christians forced out," ACN (UK) News , 20 th November 2023 https://acnuk.org/ news/burkina-faso-jihadist-terror-escalating-as-two-children-murdered-and- christians-forced-out [accessed 28/05/24]. 37 Amy Balog, “Will we survive another 24 hours?," ACN (UK) News, 23 rd August 2023 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina-faso-will-we-survive-another-24-hours/ [accessed 28/05/24]. 38 Amy Balog, “Emergency aid for Christians forced out of their homes by jihadists," ACN (UK) News , 9 th February 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina- faso-emergency-aid-for-christians-forced-out-of-their-homes-by-jihadists [accessed 28/05/24]. 39 Newton, “Jihadist terror escalating as two children murdered and Christians forced out," op. cit. 40 Amy Balog, “15 killed in attack on Catholic Church," ACN (UK) News , 26 th February 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina-faso-15-killed-in-attack- on-catholic-church [accessed 28/05/24]. 41 Amy Balog, “Catechist kidnapped and killed," ACN (UK) News , 19 th April 2024 https://acnuk.org/news/burkina-faso-catechist-kidnapped-and-killed; Jude Atemanke, “Catechist Murdered in Burkina Faso Showed ‘remarkable dedication’ in Over 20 Years of Church Service: Catholic Priest," ACI Africa , 24 th April 2024 https://www.aciafrica.org/news/10809/catechist-murdered- in-burkina-faso-showed-remarkable-dedication-in-over-20-years-of-church- service-catholic-priest [accessed 28/05/24]. 42 198 between the beginning of the conflict and September 2023. 43 “With nearly 200 destroyed, religious buildings targeted by Myanmar’s junta," Radio Free Asia , 8 th September 2023 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/ myanmar/religious-buildings-09082023132748.html [accessed 16/04/24] . 44 “Junta troops destroy 129-year-old church in Myanmar’s Sagaing region," Radio Free Asia , 17 th January 2023 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/ myanmar/sagaing-church-arson-01172023054626.html [accessed 28/06/24]. 45 Data covers the period to 3 rd December 2023. See “Burma," US State Dept 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom https://www.state. gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/burma/ [accessed 28/06/24]. 46 Ibid. 47 “Five including a 2-year-old dead in military’s church attacks in Myanmar," Independent , 14 th January 2023 https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/ southeast-asia/myanmar-church-attack-airstrikes-death-toll-b2262127.html [accessed 16/04/24]. 48 “Residents say Christian churches attacked by junta in Myanmar’s Chin state," Radio Free Asia , 15 th August 2023 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/ myanmar/chin-churches-bombed-08152023160053.html [accessed 16/04/24]. 49 Peter Pinedo, “Catholic Cathedral Complex Bombed, Bishop Flees With Refugees In Worsening Myanmar Civil War," EWTN , 28 th November 2023 https://ewtn.co.uk/article-catholic-cathedral-complex-bombed-bishop-flees- with-refugees-in-worsening-myanmar-civil-war/ [accessed 16/04/24]. 50 “Myanmar: Military air strikes that killed 17 civilians ‘must be investigated as war crimes’," Amnesty International , 8 th February 2024 https://www.amnesty. org/en/latest/news/2024/02/myanmar-military-air-strikes-that-killed-17- civilians-must-be-investigated-as-war-crimes/ [accessed 16/04/24].
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