ENDNOTES
50 Thanks to the Coptic Orthodox Church in the UK for their research into this case. 51 Nader Shukri, ,ككشت اهترسأو ..طويسأب ويديف رشنت ةيطبق ةاتف Watani , 6 th October 2020 <https://www.wataninet.com/2020/10/ ت-اهترسأو-طويسأب-ويديف-رشنت-ةيطبق-ةاتف /> [Accessed 05/08/21]. 52 Nader Shukri, ,ككشت اهترسأو ..اهمالسإب ويديف رشنت مث يفتخت طويسأب ةيطبق ةاتف Coptic Solidarity, 6 th October 2020 <https://www.copticsolidarity.org/2020/10/06 / -رشنت-مث-يفتخت-طويسأب-ةيطبق-ةاتف ب-ويديف / > [accessed 05/08/21]. 53 Raymond Ibrahim, “Another missing Coptic girl reappears as ‘willing’ convert to Islam in video,” Coptic Solidarity, 12 th October 2020 <https://www.copticsolidarity.org/2020/10/12/another-missing-coptic-girl-reappears-as-willing- convert-to-islam-in-video/> [Accessed 09/08/21]. 54 “ISIS pricelist for Christian slaves handed to Pope,” ACN (Ireland), [5 th March 2021] <https://www.acnireland.org/ journal/2021/3/5/pope-presented-with-copy-of-isis-pricelist-for-christian-slaves> [Accessed 25/08/21]. 55 Ewelina Ochab, “Three Years Later - Where Are the Nineveh Plains Christians?,” Forbes, 5 th August 2017 <https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2017/08/05/three-years-later-where-are-the-nineveh-plains- christians/?sh=5d7761f87851> [Accessed 23/06/21]. 56 “Iraq declares war with Islamic State is over,” BBC News (Online), 9 th December 2017 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-middle-east-42291985> [Accessed 23/06/21]. 57 “Islamic State group defeated as Ànal territory lost, US-backed forces say,” BBC News (Online), 23 rd March 2019 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-47678157> [Accessed 23/06/21]. 58 John Pontifex and John Newton, Persecuted and Forgotten? A Report on Christians oppressed for their Faith 2017- 19 (London: Aid to the Church in Need, 2019) <https://gallery.mailchimp.com/25a175338ce0562b9d08ed926/ Àles/049a8d93-6780-4659-9488-3a77ee9397ef/ACN_Persecuted_and_Forgotten__2019_W.pdf> [Accessed 25/08/21]. 59 Fionn Shiner, “Fresh risk of genocide to Middle East Christians,” ACN (UK) News, 18 th December 2019, <https://acnuk. org/news/fresh-risk-of-genocide-to-middle-east-christians/> [Accessed 25/08/21]. 60 Richard Spencer, “Three years a sex slave: woman tells of suffering under Isis,” The Times, 16 th April 2018.
105 The Governor of Borno State (Facebook), 7 th August 2020 <https://www.facebook.com/govborno/> [Accessed 10/08/21]. 106 Sam Eyoboka, “Abducted Christian girl regains freedom, rejoins family,” Vanguard Nigeria News, 15 th March, 2020 <https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/abducted-christian-girl-regains-freedom- rejoins-family/> [Accessed 11/08/21]. 107 Julia Bicknell, “Nigerian girl, 17, escapes month in locked room after abduction and forcible conversion to Islam,” World Watch Montior, 25 th March 2020 <https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2020/03/ nigerian-girl-17-escapes-month-in-locked-room-after-abduction-and-forcible-conversion-to-islam/> [Accessed 11/08/21] 108 Eyoboka, op. cit. 109 Hausa Christians Foundation (Facebook page), 12 th March 2020 <https://www.facebook.com/ HACFO/posts/breakingsadiya-amos-the-abducted-and-forcefully-islamized-hausa-christian- girl-f/574874263112972/> [Accessed 17/09/21]. 110 Anwar Iqbal, “1,000 minority girls forced in marriage every year: report,” Dawn, 8 th April 2014 <https://www.dawn.com/news/1098452> [All sites for this section accessed 17/08/21]. 111 US Dept of State, “Pakistan,” International Religious Freedom Report <https://www.state.gov/wp- content/uploads/2020/05/PAKISTAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf> . [Accessed 29/07/21]. 112 “On the International Day of the Girl Child, Church in Pakistan Decries Rejection of Bill Against ‘Conversion and Forced Marriage’ of Underaged Girls,” National Catholic Register, 11 th October 2021 <https://www.ncregister.com/news/on-the-international-day-of-the-girl-child-church-in-pakistan- decries-rejection-of-bill-against-conversion-and-forced-marriage-of-underaged-girls> [Site accessed 12/10/21]. 113 Kamran Chaudhry, ‘Pakistiani PM order probe into forced conversions’, South Asia Research Institute for Minorities, 2 nd December 2020 <https://sarifm.org/pakistani-pm-orders-probe-into-forced- conversions/> [Accessed 27/07/21]. 114 Ibid. 115 The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 <http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/147a.html> [Accessed 28/07/21] 116 Amir Wasim, “Child Marriage restraint bill sails through Senate,” Dawn, 30 th April 2019 <https://www.dawn.com/news/1479317> [Accessed 03/08/21]. 117 “Christians Suffer Court Setback in Child Marriages/Conversions,” Morning Star News, 20 th July 2021 <https://morningstarnews.org/2021/07/christians-suffer-court-setback-in-child-marriages- conversions/> [Accessed 28/07/21]. 118 Mike Thomson, “Abducted, shackled and forced to marry at 12,” BBC News (Online), 10 th March 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-56337182> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 119 John Pontifex, “Girl of 12’s life as chained slave,” ACN (UK) News, 19 th January 2021 <https://www.bing.com/search?q=Aid+to+the+Church+in+Need+%7C+PAKISTAN%3A+Girl+of+12% E2%80%99s+life+as+chained+slave+(acnuk.org)&cvid=8fe424b7ede3492e98a7df889b0244bf&aq s=edge..69i57.1425j0j4&FORM=ANAB01&PC=U531> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 120 Haroon Janjua, “Family of girl, 12, forced to marry abductor condemns Pakistan authorities,” The Guardian, 10 th February 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/10/ family-of-girl-12-forced-to-marry-abductor-condemn-pakistan-authorities> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 121 Sara Singha, “Dalit Christians and Caste Consciousness in Pakistan,” Georgetown University, 23 rd April 2015 <https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/761014/Singha_ georgetown_0076D_13011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 122 Haroon Janjua, “Family of girl, 12, forced to marry abductor condemns Pakistan authorities,” The Guardian, 10 th February 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/10/ family-of-girl-12-forced-to-marry-abductor-condemn-pakistan-authorities> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 123 John Pontifex, “Girl of 12’s life as chained slave,” ACN (UK) News, op. cit. 124 Mike Thomson, “Abducted, shackled and forced to marry at 12,” BBC News (Online), 10 th March 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-56337182> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 125 John Pontifex, “Girl of 12’s life as chained slave,” ACN (UK) News, op. cit. 126 Sophie Tanno and Jack Newman, “Pakistan police drop investigation into Muslim who ‘kidnapped Christian girl, 12, raped her and chained her up for Àve months’ because she ‘willingly married him,” MailOnline, 20 th January 2021, <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9167063/Pakistan-police- drop-investigation-Muslim-man-kidnapped-Christian-girl-12.html> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 127 Haroon Janjua, “Family of girl, 12, forced to marry abductor condemns Pakistan authorities,” The Guardian, 10 th February 2021, <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/10/ family-of-girl-12-forced-to-marry-abductor-condemn-pakistan-authorities> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 128 John Pontifex, “Raped, punched, kicked and hit with a pistol ― but undaunted,” ACN (UK) News, 7 th June 2021, <https://acnuk.org/news/pakistan-raped-punched-kicked-and-hit-with-a-pistol-but- undaunted/> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 129 “Christian Woman Assaulted in Pakistan After Months of Harassment,” Persecution.org, 6 th March 2021, <https://www.persecution.org/2021/03/06/christian-woman-assaulted-pakistan-months- harassment/> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 130 John Pontifex, “Raped, punched, kicked and hit with a pistol ― but undaunted,” ACN (UK) News, 7 th June 2021 <https://acnuk.org/news/pakistan-raped-punched-kicked-and-hit-with-a-pistol-but-undaunted/> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 131 Ibid. 132 Abigail Frymann Rouch, “Maira’s refuge? Apostasy, asylum and religious freedom,” The Article, 1 st August 2021, <https://www.thearticle.com/mairas-refuge-apostasy-asylum-and-religious-freedom> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 133 Michael Powell, “Christian girl, 14, is being threatened by Islamist death squads in Pakistan for Áeeing forced marriage to Muslim man, 45 ― as thousands sign petition to give her asylum,” Mail on Sunday, 21 st November 2020, <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8973973/Christian-girl-threatened- Islamist-death-squads-Pakistan-Áeeing-forced-marriage.html> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 134 “Maira Shahbaz: the story so far,” Aid to the Church in Need (UK), <https://acnuk.org/maira-shahbaz- petition-page/?mc_cid=5bcfec53fb&mc_eid=8bf4a12be7> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 135 “PM’s freedom of religion envoy receives asylum petition for Christian girl in Pakistan,” Premier Christian Radio, 6 th February 2021 <https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/pm-s-freedom-of- religion-envoy-receives-asylum-petition-for-christian-girl-in-pakistan> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 136 John Pontifex, “PM’s Special Envoy for Freedom of Religion or Belief received Pakistan girl asylum petition,” ACN (UK) News, 4 th February 2021, <https://acnuk.org/news/pakistan-uk-pms-special- envoy-for-freedom-of-religion-or-belief-receives-pakistan-girls-asylum-petition/> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 137 UK Parliament, Hansard, House of Commons, Topical Questions debated on Monday 12 th July 2021 <https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-07-12/debates/69B15A62-44F9-4A9A-8475- 9D2CB0788FF0/TopicalQuestions?highlight=maira%20shahbaz#contribution-1229D90C-273F- 445A-92EF-98763D3B2C5F> [Accessed: 14/09/21]. 138 Abigail Frymann Rouch, “Home Secretary meets campaigners seeking asylum for a Christian girl in Pakistan,” Church Times, 23 rd July 2021 <https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/23-july/ news/uk/home-secretary-meets-campaigners-seeking-asylum-for-a-christian-girl-in-pakistan> [Accessed: 14/09/21].
1 Ewelina Ochab, “Disappearing Religious Minority Women and Girls in Pakistan,” Forbes , 27 th September 2020 <https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2020/09/27/the-disappearing-religious-minority-women-and- girls-in-pakistan/?sh=b43cd5920f2b> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 2 The Bishop of Truro’s Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO support for Persecuted Christians, Recommendations <https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/recommendations/> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 3 Ibid., recommendation 22. 4 “For persecuted Christian women, violence is compounded by ‘shaming’,” World Watch Monitor , 8 th March 2019 <https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2019/03/for-persecuted-christian-women-violence-is-compounded- by-shaming/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_f44db39427d9700730c30f681fd512b4bcb625a2-1628860299-0- gqNtZGzNAiKjcnBszQg6> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 5 Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021 (Aid to the Church in Need, 2021) <https://acninternational.org/ religiousfreedomreport/main-Àndings/> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 6 Ibid. 7 Eva Brown, Helene Fisher, Elizabeth Lane Miller and Rachel Morley, Same Faith, Different Persecution Gender- SpeciÀc Religious Persecution, World Watch Report 2021 GSRP Report (Open Doors, 1 st March 2021), p. 5 <https://opendoorsanalytical.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GSRP-Report-%e2%80%93-Same-Faith- Different-Persecution-%e2%80%93-March-2021.pdf> [Accessed 16/09/21]. 8 “The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19,” UN Women <https://www.unwomen.org/en/ news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response/violence-against-women-during-covid-19> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 9 Eva Brown et al., Same Faith, Different Persecution Gender-SpeciÀc Religious Persecution , op. cit., p. 5. 10 “Nigeria,” Religious Freedom in the Word Report 2021 (Aid to the Church in Need, 2021) <https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/reports/ng/> [Accessed 14/07/21]. 11 Anwar Iqbal, “1,000 minority girls forced in marriage every year: report,” Dawn , 8 th April 2014 <https://www.dawn.com/news/1098452> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 12 “Without Justice and Recognition the Genocide by Daesh Continues,” Coalition for Genocide Response , 17 th July 2020 <https://genocideresponse.org/2020/07/without-justice-and-recognition-the-genocide-by-daesh- continues/> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 13 “Main Findings,” Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021, op. cit. 14 Marta Petrosillo, “Sexual violence and forced conversion of women ― I) Nigeria, Syria and Iraq,” Religious Freedom in the World Report 2018 Executive Summary (Aid to the Church in Need, 2018) p. 24, <https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/RFR2018-EXECUTIVE- SUMMARYENG.pdf> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 15 Ibid. 16 “Nigeria: Chibok anniversary a chilling reminder of Boko Haram’s ongoing scourge of abductions,” Amnesty International , 13 th April 2017 <https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/04/nigeria-chibok-anniversary-a- chilling-reminder-of-boko-harams-ongoing-scourge-of-abductions/> [Accessed 01/08/21]. 17 United Nations OfÀce on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect ― “DeÀnition on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” <https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 18 Ibid. 19 See “Nigeria” section of this report, p. 27. 20 Anwar Iqbal, “1,000 minority girls forced in marriage every year: report,” Dawn , 8 th April 2014 <https://www.dawn.com/news/1098452> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 21 “Pakistan,” 2019 Report on International Religious Freedom (US Department of State, 10 th June 2020) <https:// www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PAKISTAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT. pdf> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 22 “Nigeria,” Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council , United Nations OfÀce of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in ConÁict, 30 th March 2021 <https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconÁict/countries/nigeria/> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 23 Archbishop Nizar Nathaniel Semaan of Adiabene, Iraq ― Interview with Fionn Shiner, ACN, July 2021. 24 Raymond Ibrahim, “Kidnapped, Raped, and Forced into Islam: The Plight of Christian Girls in Pakistan,” Gatestone Institute ― International Policy Council, 11 th October 2020 <https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/16609/kidnapped- raped-christians-pakistan> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 25 These states are Bauchi, Yobe, Kano, Sokoto, Adamawa, Borno, Zamfara, Gombe, Katsina, Kebbi, and Jigawa. See footnote 101 for more information. 26 “The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929,” Punjab Laws, <http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/147a.html> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 27 Amir Wasim, “Child Marriage restraint bill sails through Senate,” Dawn, 30 th April 2019 <https://www.dawn.com/ news/1479317> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 28 Home OfÀce, Country Policy and Information Note, Egypt: Christians, vers 4.0 (2020), p. 7 <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ Àle/931834/_E__Egypt_-_Christians_-_CPIN_v4.0.pdf> [Accessed 22/06/21]. 29 See “Egypt” section of this report, p. 12. 30 “Nigeria to establish court on gender-based violence,” Premium Times, 8 th March 2021 <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/447578-nigeria-to-establish-court-on-gender-based- violence.html> [Accessed 23/07/21]. 31 Kamran Chaudhry, “Pakistiani PM order probe into forced conversions,” South Asia Research Institute for Minorities, 2 nd December 2020 <https://sarifm.org/pakistani-pm-orders-probe-into-forced-conversions/> [Accessed 27/08/21]. 32 Nazila Ghanea, “Women and Religious Freedom: Synergies and Opportunities,” US Commission on International Religious Freedom, July 2017 <https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/Àles/WomenandReligiousFreedom.pdf> [Accessed 13/09/21]. 33 Ewelina Ochab, “The Disappearing Religious Minority Women and Girls in Pakistan,” Forbes, op. cit. 34 Michele Clark and Nadia Ghaly, “Tell Mother I miss her” The Disappearance, Forced Conversions and Forced Marriages of Coptic Christian Women in Egypt (II) (Christian Solidarity International, 2012), p. 5 <http://csi-usa.org/TellMyMotherIMissHer.pdf> [Accessed 09/08/21]. 35 Home OfÀce, Country Policy and Information Note, Egypt: Christians, vers 4.0 (2020), p. 7 <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ Àle/931834/_E__Egypt_-_Christians_-_CPIN_v4.0.pdf> [Accessed 22/06/21]. 36 “In most cases, it was about young women falling in love with someone from a different denomination,” Laila Baha’ Eldin, Egypt’s Assistant Foreign Minister for Human Rights, told the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination at its 88 th session from 23 rd November to 11 th December 2015. “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers the report of Egypt, 1 December 2015,” OHCHR <https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16826&LangID=E> [Accessed 09/08/21]. 37 “Joint House and Senate Hearing, 112 th Congress, Escalating Violence against Coptic Women and Girls: Will the new Egypt be more dangerous than the old?” Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Hearings 18 th July 2012 <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112jhrg93217/html/CHRG-112jhrg93217.htm> [Accessed 23/06/21]. 38 Michele Clark, Nadia Ghaly, et al., The Disappearance, Forced Conversions, and Forced Marriages of Coptic Christian Women in Egypt (Christian Solidarity International & Coptic Foundation for Human Rights, 2009), p. 30 <http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/Egypt/The%20Disappearance,%20Forced%20Conversions,%20and%20 Forced%20Marriages.pdf> [Accessed 09/08/21]. 39 ‘Jihad of the Womb’: TrafÀcking of Coptic Women & Girls in Egypt (Coptic Solidarity, 2020), pp. 4-5 <https://www.copticsolidarity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/jihad-of-the-womb-report-fa.pdf> [Accessed 19/08/21]. 40 See for example: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish TrafÀcking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime: Adopted and opened for signature, ratiÀcation and accession by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 th November 2000 <https://www. ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/protocoltrafÀckinginpersons.aspx> [Accessed 09/08/21]. 41 “Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits ‘they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in’,” World Watch Monitor, 14 th September 2017 <https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2017/09/egypt-ex-kidnapper-admits-get-paid-every-copt- christian-girl-bring/> [Accessed 23/06/21]. 42 Research by the Coptic Orthodox Church in the UK. 43 Ibid. 44 Also anglicised as Rania Abdel-Messih. 45 ‘Jihad of the Womb’, op. cit, p. 10. 46 Raymond Ibrahim, “Missing Christian Mother Reappears as Pious Muslim in Video,” PJ Media, 14 th May 2020 <https://pjmedia.com/columns/raymond-ibrahim/2020/05/14/egypt-missing-christian-mother-reappears-as- pious-muslim-in-video-n392404> [Accessed 06/08/21]. 47 “Coptic woman missing for 12 weeks back home,” Watani, 17 th July 2020 <https://en.wataninet.com/coptic- affairs-coptic-affairs/coptic-affairs/coptic-woman-missing-for-12-weeks-back-home/33216/> [Accessed 06/08/21]. 48 Nader Shukri and Michael Girgis, “Copts protest police inaction over missing Coptic woman,” Watani, 4 th June 2020 <https://en.wataninet.com/coptic-affairs-coptic-affairs/coptic-affairs/copts-protest-police-inaction-over-missing- coptic-woman/32823/> [Accessed 06/08/21]. 49 “‘Jihad of the womb:’ Christian women kidnapped in Egypt,” Metro Voice, 17 th September 2020 <https://metrovoicenews.com/jihad-of-the-womb-christian-women-kidnapped-in-egypt/> [Accessed 06/08/21].
61 Ibid. 62 Ibid. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid.
65 Nuri Kino, “Rape and Forced Conversion, How One Woman Survived ISIS,” The HufÀngton Post, 29 th November 2017 <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rape-and-forced-conversion-how-one-woman-survived_b_5a1f325be4b02edd56c 6d64d> [Accessed 12/08/21].
66 Ibid. 67 Ibid. 68 Ibid.
69 Richard Spencer, “Three years a sex slave: woman tells of suffering under Isis,” The Times, 16 th April 2018 70 John Pontifex and John Newton, Persecuted and Forgotten? A Report on Christians oppressed for their Faith 2017-19 (Aid to the Church in Need, 2019) <https://gallery.mailchimp.com/25a175338ce0562b9d08ed926/ Àles/049a8d93-6780-4659-9488-3a77ee9397ef/ACN_Persecuted_and_Forgotten__2019_W.pdf> [Accessed 25/08/21] 71 “Iraq Christians Áee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh,” BBC News (Online), 7 th August 2014 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28686998> [Accessed 10/8/21]. 72 Louise Callaghan, “Iraq’s Christians welcome home the women stolen by ISIS,” The Times, 15 th July 2018 73 Ibid. 74 Sunguta West, “Ansar al-Sunna: A New Militant Islamist Group Emerges in Mozambique,” The Jamestown Foundation, 14 th June 2018 <https://jamestown.org/program/ansar-al-sunna-a-new-militant-islamist-group-emerges-in- mozambique/> [Accessed 09/06/21]. 75 OfÀce of the Spokesperson, “State Department Terrorist Designations of ISIS AfÀliates and Leaders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique,” US Department of State, 10 th March 2021 <https://www.state.gov/state-department-terrorist-designations-of-isis-afÀliates-and-leaders-in-the-democratic- republic-of-the-congo-and-mozambique/> [Accessed 17/08/21]. 76 Bill Corcoran, “Mozambique militias kidnapping children as tactic in northern conÁict,” The Irish Times, 8 th June 2021 <https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/mozambique-militias-kidnapping-children-as-tactic-in-northern- conÁict-1.4587811> [Accessed 09/06/21]. 77 João Feijó, “The Role of Women in the ConÁict in Cabo Delgado: Understanding Vicious Cycles of Violence,” Observatório do Meio Rural, May 2021 <https://omrmz.org/omrweb/wp-content/uploads/OR-114-The-Role-of- Women-in-the-ConÁict-in-Cabo-Delgado.pdf> [Accessed 09/06/21]. 78 Jason Burke, “Escaped girls tell of insurgents’ mass abductions in Mozambique,” The Guardian, 17 th April 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/17/escaped-girls-tell-of-insurgents-mass-abductions-in- mozambique> [Accessed 09/06/21]. 79 Ibid. 80 João Feijó, “The Role of Women in the ConÁict in Cabo Delgado: Understanding Vicious Cycles of Violence,” Observatório do Meio Rural, op. cit. 81 Fionn Shiner and Paulo Aido, “Kidnapped nuns raises alarm about hundreds of abducted children,” ACN (UK) News, 10 th June 2021 <https://acnuk.org/news/mozambique-kidnapped-nun-raises-alarm-about-hundreds-of-abducted- children/> [Accessed 11/06/21]. 84 “Dozens of children, mostly girls, abducted by Mozambique Àghters,” Al-Jazeera, 9 th June 2021 <https://www. aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/dozens-of-children-mostly-girls-abducted-by-mozambique-Àghters> [Accessed 11/06/21]. 85 “Children as Young as 11 Brutally Murdered in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique,” Save the Children, 15 th March 2021 <https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/media-and-news/2021-press-releases/children-murdered-in-cabo- delgado-mozambique> [Accessed 25/08/21]. 86 “Dozens of children, mostly girls, abducted by Mozambique Àghters,” Al-Jazeera, 9 th June 2021 <https://www. aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/dozens-of-children-mostly-girls-abducted-by-mozambique-Àghters> [Accessed 11/06/21]. 87 João Feijó, “The Role of Women in the ConÁict in Cabo Delgado: Understanding Vicious Cycles of Violence,” Observatório do Meio Rural, op. cit. The pseudonym Aana has been given to the individual identiÀed in this source only as the subject of interview 21. 93 “Nigeria,” United Nations OfÀce of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in ConÁict (Based on the Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council (S/2021/312) issued on 30 th March 2021). Italics mine. <https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconÁict/countries/nigeria/> [accessed 13/06/21]. 94 Originally called The People of the Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad, the group was best known its nickname Boko Haram. In 2015 Abubakar Shekau pledged its loyalty to Daesh (ISIS), at which point it became formally known as Islamic State: West Africa Province (ISWAP). However, in August 2016, Daesh removed Abubakar Shekau as head of the group replacing him with Abu Musab Al-Barnawi, resulting in a schism. Often Shekau’s faction is referred to as Boko Haram and Al-Barnwi’s as ISWAP, however on the ground there is no clear division of nomenclature between the two. 95 Jacob Zenn and Elizabeth Pearson, “Women, Gender and the evolving tactics of Boko Haram,” Journal of Terrorism Research, 5.1 (2014): 46-57, p. 47. 96 “Nigeria,” Religious Freedom in the Word Report 2021, Aid to the Church in Need <https://acninternational.org/ religiousfreedomreport/reports/ng/> [Accessed 14/07/21]. 97 Zenn and Pearson, p. 48. 98 “Nigeria,” Religious Freedom in the Word Report 2021, op. cit. 99 Zenn and Pearson, p. 50. 100 Our Bodies, Their Battleground: Boko Haram and Gender-Based Violence against Christian Women and Children in North-Eastern Nigeria since 1999 , 2015 edition (Open Doors, 2015), p. 18 <http://opendoorsanalytical.org/wp- content/uploads/2014/10/Boko-Haram-and-Gender-Based-Violence-against-Christian-Women-and-Children-in-North- Eastern-Nigeria-since-1999-2015.pdf> [Accessed 13/07/21]. 101 The states are Bauchi, Yobe, Kano, Sokoto, Adamawa, Borno, Zamfara, Gombe, Katsina, Kebbi, and Jigawa. See Nike Adebowale, “11 states in northern Nigeria yet to pass child rights law — UNICEF OfÀcial,” Premium Times, 11 th May 2019 <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/329511-12-states-in-northern-nigeria-yet-to-pass-child- rights-law-unicef-ofÀcial.html> . At the time of writing Kano’s State Executive Council had approved a version of the act which took into account Shari‘a law, but it had not yet been debated in the House of Assembly. An up-to-date record of where the law has been passed in the 36 states and Federal Capital Territory is provided by the Childs Rights Act Tracker on the Partners West Africa Nigeria website <https://www.partnersnigeria.org/childs-rights-law-tracker/> . [Both sites accessed 02/07/21]. 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid. 88 Ibid. 89 Ibid. 90 Ibid. 91 Ibid. 92 Ibid. 102 Wale Odunsi, “Ese Oruru: Judge rules in case of abduction, force marriage to Kano man,” Daily Post, 21 st May 2020 <https://dailypost.ng/2020/05/21/breaking-ese-oruru-judge-rules-in-case-of-abduction-force-marriage-to-kano- man/> [Accessed 13/07/21]. 103 “Nigeria to establish court on gender-based violence,” Premium Times, 8 th March 2021 <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/447578-nigeria-to-establish-court-on-gender-based-violence. html> [accessed 23/07/21]. 104 “Nigeria kidnappings: Chibok schoolgirl returns home seven years on,” BBC News (Online), 9 th August 2021 <https:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-58138504> [Accessed 11/08/12].
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